With reference to revenue collection by Cornwallis, consider the following statements:

1. Under the Ryotwari Settlement of revenue collection, the peasants were exempted from revenue payment in case of bad harvests or natural calamities. 

2. Under the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, if the Zamindar failed to pay his revenues to the state, on or before the fixed date, he would be removed from his Zamindari. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Cornwallis’ revenue collection (Bengal)
Refers mainly to Permanent Settlement (1793) introduced under Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.

Ryotwari Settlement
A land-revenue system where the government deals directly with the ryot (cultivator/peasant), rather than through zamindars. (Historically associated with Madras/Bombay Presidencies, not Bengal under Cornwallis.)

Permanent Settlement (Bengal)
Land revenue demand on zamindars was fixed permanently; they had to pay the state on schedule. A strict rule called the “Sunset Law” required payment by the due date before sunset; failure led to sale/auction of the estate.

1) “Under the Ryotwari Settlement… peasants were exempted from revenue payment in case of bad harvests/natural calamities.”

❌ Incorrect. In the ryotwari system, peasants were often required to pay revenue even when crops were destroyed by floods or drought; it was not an automatic exemption.
(Also, linking this to “revenue collection by Cornwallis” is itself suspect because ryotwari is not Cornwallis’ Bengal settlement.)

2) “Under the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, if the Zamindar failed to pay revenues on or before the fixed date, he would be removed from his Zamindari.”

✅ Correct in effect. Under the Sunset Law, non-payment by the due time led to the sale/auction of the zamindari estate, which effectively removes the zamindar from it.