1) When the earth, the moon and the sun are in a straight line, the sun enhances its tides gravitational pull of the moon, creating a condition of higher tides and lower low known as spring tides
2) when the sun and the moon are at right angle to the earth, the sun partially counteracts the pull of the moon, producing lower high tides and higher low tides typical of a neap tide
3) A solar eclipse occurs when the sun passes between the earth and the moon.
4) Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes between the sun and the moon.
Which of the given statement above is/are correct
A1 and 2
B3 and 4
C3 only
D4 only
Correct Answer: Option A
Detailed Explanation
Statement 1 (Correct): This occurs during the Full Moon and New Moon phases (Syzygy). When the Sun, Earth, and Moon align, their collective gravitational pull is maximized. This results in the greatest difference between high and low tide, known as Spring Tides.
Statement 2 (Correct): This occurs during the Quarter Moon phases. Because the Sun and Moon are at right angles relative to Earth, their gravitational forces work against each other. This creates "moderate" tides with the least difference between high and low, known as Neap Tides.
Statement 3 (Incorrect): A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking the Sun's light. The Sun never passes "between" the Earth and Moon; if it did, the Earth would be consumed by the Sun's atmosphere.
Statement 4 (Correct): A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon, casting its shadow (the umbra) over the Moon.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Consider the following statements around wet lands.
1. Wet lands can be both aquatic and terrestrial at the same time depending on seasonal variability.
2. Wet lands are first Targets of human interference.
3. The boundaries of wet lands are defined as per their geographical location.
Which of the above statements are correct?
AOnly 1 and 3
BOnly 1 and 2
COnly 3 and 2
DOnly 2
Correct Answer: Option B
Analysis of the Statements
Statement 1 is Correct: Wetlands are often described as ecotones—transitional zones between terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water) ecosystems. Due to seasonal variability, such as monsoons or dry spells, a wetland may appear completely submerged in winter and look like a dry meadow or muddy field in summer. This "pulsing" nature is a defining characteristic.
Statement 2 is Correct: Historically, wetlands have been viewed as "wastelands" or breeding grounds for insects. Consequently, they are often the first targets for land reclamation, urban expansion, and agricultural conversion. Their flat terrain and proximity to water make them highly vulnerable to human drainage and filling.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The boundaries of wetlands are primarily defined by biological and hydrological indicators, not just geographical location. According to the Ramsar Convention and scientific standards, boundaries are determined by:
The presence of hydrophytes (water-loving plants).
Hydric soils (soils that are saturated long enough to develop anaerobic conditions).
The presence of water (hydrology) at or near the surface for at least part of the year.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Which among the following state has the highest Percentage of canal irrigation used in India?
ARajasthan
BPunjab
CJammu & Kashmir
DUttar Pradesh
Correct Answer: Option C
While Uttar Pradesh has the largest absolute area under canal irrigation due to its size and the vast network of perennial rivers, the question asks for the highest percentage of canal irrigation relative to the total irrigated area within the state/UT.
Regional Breakdown of Canal Irrigation
Jammu & Kashmir: Canals are the primary source of irrigation here, accounting for over 90% of the total irrigated area in the region. This is due to the hilly terrain which makes the construction of wells or tanks difficult, while the abundance of snow-fed perennial rivers facilitates canal gravity-flow.
Punjab: While Punjab has a world-class canal network (the land of five rivers), it relies very heavily on tubewells to meet the intensive demands of the Green Revolution. Therefore, its percentage of canal irrigation is lower than J&K's.
Uttar Pradesh: Leads in net irrigated area by canals, but tubewells remain the dominant source of irrigation for the state overall.
Rajasthan: Famous for the Indira Gandhi Canal, but a vast portion of the state remains dependent on other sources or remains unirrigated.
Key Facts about Canal Irrigation in India
Inundation Canals: These are taken out from rivers without any regulating system (like weirs) and provide water only when the river is in flood.
Perennial Canals: These are linked to dams or barrages to provide water throughout the year.
The Indira Gandhi Canal: One of the largest canal projects in the world, it transformed the ecology and agriculture of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Which one of the following is the example of radial drainage pattern
ASiwaliks
BVindhya mountains
CGir hills
DAravalli mountains
Correct Answer: Option C
A radial drainage pattern occurs when rivers originate from a central high point (such as a mountain peak or a volcanic cone) and flow outward in all directions, like the spokes of a wheel.
Why the Gir Hills?
The Gir Hills in Gujarat serve as a classic example of this pattern in India. Several rivers, such as the Hiran, Shingoda, and Machhundri, originate from the central highland area of the Gir and flow outward towards the coast or the surrounding plains.
Other Notable Examples of Radial Drainage in India:
Amarkantak Plateau: Rivers like the Narmada, Son, and Mahanadi originate from this plateau and flow in different directions.
Mount Abu: Streams flow out in various directions from this isolated highland in the Aravalli range.
Understanding Other Drainage Patterns:
Trellis Pattern: Occurs when the primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel to each other and secondary tributaries join them at right angles (e.g., the Himalayan foothills).
Dendritic Pattern: The most common pattern, where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain and looks like the branching of a tree (e.g., the Indo-Gangetic plains).
Centripetal Pattern: The opposite of radial, where rivers flow from all directions into a central depression or lake (e.g., Loktak Lake in Manipur).
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Consider the following sentences.
1. India is the 2nd largest producer of the fruits and vegetables in the world.
2. Totally 12% of the cropped area is oil seeds.
Which of the above statement/Statements are NOT correct?
A1 only
B2 only
CBoth 1 and 2
DNeither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: Option D
This means both statements are correct.
Analysis of the Statements
Statement 1 is CORRECT: India is indeed the second-largest producer of both fruits and vegetables in the world, trailing only behind China. India leads the world in the production of specific fruits like mangoes, bananas, and papayas.
Statement 2 is CORRECT: Oilseeds occupy a significant portion of India's agricultural landscape. They account for approximately 12% of the total cropped area in the country. The major oilseeds grown in India include groundnut, mustard, soybean, sunflower, and sesamum.
Key Facts about Indian Agriculture
Horticulture: India produces about 10% of the world's fruits and about 15% of the world's vegetables.
Oilseed Regions: Major oilseed-producing states include Madhya Pradesh (often called the "Soya Bowl"), Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
Yellow Revolution: The "Yellow Revolution" was launched in the late 1980s specifically to increase the production of edible oilseeds to achieve self-reliance.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Which of the following about Baiga tribe is true?
1) Baiga means sorcerers.
2) Traditionally they lived semi-nomadic life and practiced slash and burn agriculture.
3) They have in depth knowledge of folk crop production.
4) Tattoo is an integral part of baiga tradition
Choose the correct option given below.
AOnly 1, 2 and 4
BOnly 2, 3 and 4
COnly 1, 3 and 4
DOnly 1, 2 and 3
Correct Answer: Option A
Analysis of the Statements
Statement 1 is CORRECT: The word "Baiga" literally translates to "sorcerer" or "medicine man." Members of this tribe are traditionally recognized as healers and experts in herbal medicine and spiritual rituals.
Statement 2 is CORRECT: The Baigas historically lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle. They practiced a specific form of slash-and-burn agriculture known as Bewar. They believe that ploughing the Earth is a sin, as it would be like "tearing the breast of Mother Earth," so they prefer shifting cultivation.
Statement 3 is INCORRECT: While the Baigas have profound knowledge of medicinal plants, forest produce, and spiritual healing, they are not traditionally known for "in-depth knowledge of folk crop production." Because they generally avoid intensive settled farming (due to their religious beliefs regarding the soil), their expertise lies in forest ecology rather than traditional crop agriculture.
Statement 4 is CORRECT: Tattooing is an essential part of Baiga culture, especially for women. Every age and body part has a specific tattoo design associated with it, and it is believed that these are the only ornaments a person takes with them to the afterlife.
Key Facts about the Baiga Tribe
Classification: They are recognized as one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India.
Region: They primarily inhabit the states of Madhya Pradesh (Mandla and Balaghat districts), Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
Language: They speak Baigani, which is influenced by Chhattisgarhi.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Which of the following is true about Kashmir?
1) Vegetation and climate can broadly be categorized into sub-tropical, temperate and alpine zones.
2) More than 50% of the plant species used in British pharmacopoeia are reported to grow in Jammu and Kashmir.
3) The recorded forest area is 20240 Sq. kms.
Choose the correct option given below.
AOnly 1
BOnly 1 and 2
COnly 3
DOnly 1 and 3
Correct Answer: Option B
Analysis of the Statements
Statement 1 is CORRECT: Due to its varying altitude and geographical location, Jammu and Kashmir exhibits a wide range of climatic conditions. The sub-tropical zone is primarily found in the Jammu plains, the temperate zone covers the Kashmir Valley, and the alpine zone exists in the higher reaches of the Himalayas.
Statement 2 is CORRECT: Jammu and Kashmir is often referred to as a "medicinal plant hotspot." A significant percentage of the plant species listed in the British Pharmacopoeia (the official collection of quality standards for UK medicinal substances) are found growing naturally in the diverse ecosystems of J&K.
Statement 3 is INCORRECT: While the recorded forest area is significant, it is slightly higher than the figure provided. According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR), the recorded forest area for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is approximately 20,230 sq. km, but when combined with the forest cover outside recorded areas or considering the total UT geographical area, the figures for "Forest Cover" are closer to 21,387 sq. km. In academic and competitive exams, a specific discrepancy in such figures usually renders the statement incorrect if it doesn't align with the most recent official digest.
Key Facts about J&K Geography
State Tree: Chinar (Platanus orientalis)
State Flower: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Forest Composition: The forests are dominated by Himalayan moist temperate and dry temperate types, featuring species like Deodar, Blue Pine, and Fir.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Environment & Ecology
What is ‘Biochar"?
AA form of pesticide
BA chemical based fertiliser
CA form of charcoal produced from heating organic matter
DA form of chemical found in the soil
Correct Answer: Option C
Biochar is a fine-grained, carbon-rich porous substance produced through a process called pyrolysis. It is highly stable and can persist in soils for hundreds or even thousands of years.Key Characteristics and BenefitsProduction: It is created by heating biomass (such as agricultural waste, wood chips, or manure) in a low-oxygen or oxygen-free environment.Carbon Sequestration: Unlike common charcoal, which is used for fuel, biochar is primarily used as a soil amendment. It helps mitigate climate change by "locking" carbon into the soil that would otherwise be released as $CO_2$ during decomposition.Soil Fertility: Its porous structure acts like a sponge, helping the soil retain water and nutrients. It also provides a habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms.Waste Management: It provides a productive way to manage agricultural and forestry waste, preventing it from being burned in the open.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Consider the following sentences.
1. Rubber production begun in the region of Travancore and Malabar.
2. 8% if the world production of rubber is contributed by India.
Which of the above statement/Statements are NOT correct?
A1 only
B2 only
CBoth 1 and 2
DNeither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: Option B
Analysis of the Statements
Statement 1 is CORRECT: Commercial rubber cultivation in India began in the early 20th century, specifically in the Travancore and Malabar regions of present-day Kerala. The first commercial plantation was established at Thattekad in 1902.
Statement 2 is INCORRECT: India's share in world natural rubber production is generally around 2% to 5%. While India is one of the top producers globally (consistently in the top 6), it does not reach the 8% mark, which is dominated by countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
Key Facts about Rubber in India
Ideal Climate: Rubber is an equatorial crop but can grow in tropical and sub-tropical areas under specific conditions (temperature above 25°C and rainfall above 200 cm).
Leading Producer: Kerala is the largest producer of natural rubber in India, accounting for nearly 75–80% of total domestic production.
Regulatory Body: The Rubber Board, a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is headquartered in Kottayam, Kerala.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Who authored the book " Poverty and un-British rule"
AR.C Dutt
BDadbhai Naoroji
CSumit Sarkar
DR.C. Majumdar
Correct Answer: Option B
Dadabhai Naoroji, often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of India," published this seminal work in 1901. It provided a stinging economic critique of British colonialism and laid the intellectual foundation for the Indian national movement.
Key Contributions of the Book
The "Drain of Wealth" Theory: This was the central theme of the book. Naoroji argued that Britain was systematically draining India's wealth and resources to the United Kingdom, leaving India in a state of chronic poverty and famine.
The "Un-British" Nature: The title was a strategic choice. Naoroji argued that the exploitative and oppressive policies being followed in India were "un-British" because they contradicted the principles of justice and democracy that Britain claimed to uphold at home.
Economic Impact: He calculated that the "drain" occurred through various channels, such as:
Home Charges: Payments made by the Indian government for the Secretary of State's office in London.
Pensions and Salaries: Remittances sent back to Britain by military and civil officers.
Interest on Foreign Debt: Profits and interest earned by British capitalists on investments in India.
Call for Self-Government: Naoroji concluded that the only way to stop this economic exploitation was for India to have a "responsible government" or Swaraj.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Arrange the following rulers in chronological order?
i) RAZIA
ii) ILTUTMISH
iii) BALBAN
iv) QUTB-UD-DIN-AIBAK
Ai, ii, iii. iv
Bi, iv, iii, ii
Civ, ii, i, iii
Dii, i, iii, iv
Correct Answer: Option C
These rulers all belonged to the Mamluk Dynasty (also known as the Slave Dynasty), which was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
Chronological Breakdown
Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210): The founder of the Mamluk Dynasty. He was a former slave of Muhammad Ghori and began the construction of the Qutub Minar.
Iltutmish (1211–1236): Considered the "real consolidator" of the Delhi Sultanate. He introduced the Iqta system and the silver Tanka and copper Jital coins.
Razia Sultan (1236–1240): The daughter of Iltutmish and the first female sovereign of the Delhi Sultanate. Her reign was brief due to opposition from the Turkish nobles (The Chahalgani).
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266–1287): A powerful ruler who broke the power of the "Group of Forty" (Chahalgani) and introduced the Persian customs of Sijda (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the monarch's feet).
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Which freedom fighter went to Pondicherry in 1910 to pursue his spiritual goals and remained there until his death, founding a famous Ashram?
AAurobindo Ghosh
BRam Krishna Ghosh
CMamata Ghosh
DLalitha Ghosh
Correct Answer: Option A
Sri Aurobindo was a revolutionary leader who underwent a deep spiritual transformation while imprisoned in the Alipore Jail. Following his release, he moved to the French colony of Pondicherry (now Puducherry) in 1910 to escape British persecution and dedicate his life to "Internal Yoga."
Key Details
Spiritual Shift: He transitioned from being a "prophet of Indian nationalism" to a philosopher and yogi. He remained in Pondicherry for 40 years until his death in 1950.
The Ashram: In 1926, along with his spiritual collaborator Mirra Alfassa (known as 'The Mother'), he founded the Sri Aurobindo Ashram.
Literary Contributions: While in Pondicherry, he wrote his most profound works, including The Life Divine, Savitri, and The Synthesis of Yoga.
Philosophy: He developed the concept of Integral Yoga, which aims not just at personal liberation but at the spiritual transformation of human life on Earth.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History Art & Culture
Which among the following Vedas has two groups, Shukla and Krishna?
AYajurveda
BSamaveda
CRigveda
DAtharvaveda
Correct Answer: Option A
The Yajurveda is uniquely divided into two major parts: the Shukla (White/Pure) and the Krishna (Black/Dark) Yajurveda.
Key Differences
Shukla Yajurveda: This version contains only the Mantras (prayers and incantations) required for sacrifices. It is considered "pure" because the verses are separated from the explanatory prose. It is primarily associated with the Yajnavalkya school.
Krishna Yajurveda: This version is considered "dark" or "mixed" because it includes the Mantras along with the Brahmana (prose explanations and instructions) all mixed together in the same collection.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
'A History of British India' was written in 1817 by:
AGH Forbes
BAbul Kalam Azad
CJames Mill
DSucheta Mahaja
Correct Answer: Option C
James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published the monumental three-volume work A History of British India in 1817. This book is considered one of the most influential historical accounts of India from a British perspective.
Key Aspects of the Book
Periodization of Indian History: Mill was the first to divide Indian history into three distinct periods based on the religion of the rulers: Hindu, Muslim, and British. This classification was later criticized by modern historians for being oversimplified and communal in nature.
Civilizational Critique: Mill, who never actually visited India, held a very low opinion of Indian culture and society. He argued that India was "uncivilized" and that British rule was necessary to bring progress and "enlightenment" to the subcontinent.
Utilitarian Influence: The book reflected the Utilitarian philosophy (maximizing utility/happiness for the greatest number), suggesting that good laws and efficient administration were more important than self-governance for Indians.
Standard Text: For decades, this book served as a standard textbook for British administrators training at the East India College (Haileybury) before they were sent to serve in India.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Vetti refers to:
ATax in the form of cash
BTax in the form of jewellery
CTax in the form of food grains
DTax in the form of forced labour
Correct Answer: Option D
In the context of Indian history, Vetti is a term primarily associated with the Chola dynasty (and later in the Telangana region during the Nizam's rule) to describe a specific type of exploitative tax.
Key Historical Context
The Chola Empire: Inscriptions from the Chola period (9th–13th century) mention more than 400 terms for different types of taxes. The most frequently mentioned is Vetti, which was not paid in cash or kind but through unpaid forced labour for public works or the king's projects.
Kadamai: This was another major tax often mentioned alongside Vetti, but it referred specifically to land revenue (usually paid in kind).
Vetti-Chakiri (Telangana): In later centuries, particularly in the 19th and early 20th century under the Nizams of Hyderabad, the "Vetti" system became a form of feudal exploitation where lower-caste peasants were forced to work for landlords (Dora) and officials without payment. This was a major grievance that led to the Telangana People's Struggle (1946–51).
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
The Vernacular Press Act of 1878, adopted by Lord Lytton was intended to
APromote newspapers in the vernacular
BRestrain vernacular newspapers
CPromote English newspapers
DRestrain English newspapers
Correct Answer: Option B
The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) of 1878 is one of the most repressive pieces of legislation in British Indian history. It was specifically designed to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language (vernacular) press, which had become increasingly critical of Lord Lytton’s policies.
Key Features of the Act
The "Gagging Act": It was nicknamed the "Gagging Act" because it gave the government extensive powers to censor reports and editorials in vernacular languages.
Discrimination: Crucially, the act did not apply to English-language newspapers, only to those published in Indian languages.
Magisterial Power: District Magistrates could force publishers to enter into a bond promising not to publish anything that might incite "disaffection" against the government. If the bond was violated, the printing press could be confiscated.
No Right to Appeal: The decision of the Magistrate was final, and no appeal could be made in a court of law.
Notable Impact
The Amrita Bazar Patrika, which was a bilingual journal at the time, famously turned into an English-only newspaper overnight to escape the restrictions of the Act.
The Act was eventually repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882, which earned him great popularity among Indians.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Which of the following Chola Kings assumed the title "gangaikodaan"
ARaja Raja Chola I
BParantaka Chola II
CRajendra Chola I
DKarikala Chola
Correct Answer: Option C
Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044 CE) was one of the greatest emperors of the Chola dynasty. He assumed the title "Gangaikonda" (The Victor of the Ganges) after his successful military expedition to North India.
Key Historical Details
The Expedition: His armies marched through Odisha and reached the banks of the Ganga River in Bengal, defeating the Pala king, Mahipala.
The New Capital: To commemorate this victory, he founded a new capital city called Gangaikonda Cholapuram (The City of the Chola who took the Ganges).
The Temple: He built a magnificent Shiva temple at the new capital, which mirrored the Brihadisvara Temple built by his father, Raja Raja Chola I.
Symbolism: He brought water from the Holy Ganga and poured it into a large excavated tank in the new capital, named Cholagangam, symbolizing the Chola's spiritual and political dominance.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
The Muslim League was founded in 1906 at—
ALahore
BKarachi
CAligarh
DDacca
Correct Answer: Option D
The All-India Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906, on the sidelines of the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference.
Key Historical Details
Founder & Figures: The meeting was hosted by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. Other prominent founding members included Hakim Ajmal Khan, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk.
First President: Sir Aga Khan III was elected as the first honorary president of the League.
Objectives: The primary goals at its inception were to promote loyalty to the British government, protect the political rights and interests of Indian Muslims, and prevent the rise of hostility toward other communities.
Headquarters: While founded in Dacca, its first headquarters was established in Lucknow.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
In which place did the Gadkari uprising of 1844 take place?
AKolhapur
BPoona
CAhmad Nagar
DNashik
Correct Answer: Option A
The Gadkari uprising of 1844 is a significant event in the history of pre-1857 civil rebellions against British rule in India.
Key Details of the Uprising
Who were the Gadkaris? The Gadkaris were a hereditary military class who were employed as garrison staff in the Maratha forts. They were granted tax-free lands in return for their services.
Cause of the Revolt: Following administrative changes in the Kolhapur state, the British administration began dismantling the forts and disbanding the garrisons. The Gadkaris were left unemployed and their land grants were threatened by new revenue policies.
The Event: Outraged by the loss of their livelihood and privileges, the Gadkaris rose in rebellion in 1844. They captured several key forts, including Samangarh and Bhudargarh, and set up an independent administration.
Suppression: The British had to deploy a considerable military force to capture the forts and eventually suppress the rebellion.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Name the commander of the Ahom army who defeated the Mughal Army at the Battle of Saraighat in 1671 on the Bank of the Brahmaputra River.
ARajaram Singh
BSuhungmung
CTirol Singh
DLachit Borphukan
Correct Answer: Option D
Lachit Borphukan is one of the most celebrated military commanders in Indian history, renowned for his leadership and tactical brilliance during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671.
Key Historical Details
The Battle: The Battle of Saraighat was primarily a naval engagement fought on the Brahmaputra River near Guwahati.
The Opponent: The Mughal forces were commanded by Ram Singh I (deputed by Emperor Aurangzeb), who had a numerically superior and better-equipped army.
Tactical Brilliance: Lachit Borphukan recognized that the Ahoms could not defeat the Mughals in an open cavalry battle on land. He cleverly forced the Mughals into a naval battle on the river, where the Ahom forces used the terrain, guerrilla tactics, and their superior maneuverability on water to secure a decisive victory.
Legacy: His heroism is honored to this day. The National Defence Academy (NDA) in India awards the Lachit Borphukan Gold Medal to its best cadet.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
What is name of the material with which the Harappan Seal is made of?
ACopper
BBronze
CSteatite
DIron
Correct Answer: Option C
The vast majority of the thousands of seals discovered at Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) sites were made of Steatite, also known as soapstone. This was a soft silicate mineral that was easy to carve and became hardened after being fired in a kiln.
Key Characteristics of Harappan Seals
Shape and Design: Most seals were square or rectangular. They typically featured a pictographic script (which remains undeciphered) and an animal motif.
Common Motifs: The most famous motifs include the Unicorn (the most common), the Humped Bull, Elephant, Tiger, and the "Pashupati" (proto-Shiva) figure.
Purpose: They were primarily used for commercial purposes to stamp clay tags on bundles of goods. This ensured the authenticity of the sender and checked if the goods had been tampered with during transit.
Other Materials: While steatite was the most common, seals were also occasionally made of agate, chert, copper, faience, and terracotta.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Who designed the famous bazaar of Chandni Chowk for Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad (Delhi)?
AGulbadan Begum
BRoshan Ara
CJehanara
DNur Jahan
Correct Answer: Option C
Princess Jahanara Begum, the eldest daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, was the mastermind behind the design of the Chandni Chowk bazaar. It was a central part of the new imperial capital, Shahjahanabad, which was inaugurated in 1648.
Architectural Significance
The Canal (Nahar-i-Bihisht): Jahanara originally designed the market with a moonlit reflecting pool at its center. A canal flowed through the middle of the street, and on moonlit nights, the reflection of the moon in the water gave the market its name—Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square).
Layout: The market was originally laid out in a square format with a pool at the center, flanked by shops. It served as the principal commercial avenue leading to the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort.
Caravanserai: She also built a famous caravanserai (inn) for wealthy merchants and travelers, known as the Begum ki Sarai, located near the market.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Jai Singh and Jaswant Singh were presented the title -Mirza Raja by which Mughal Emperor?
AAkbar
BBabur
CAurangzeb
DBahadhur Shah Zafar I
Correct Answer: Option C
Although the title "Mirza Raja" was used by previous Mughal emperors for various Rajput allies, it was Aurangzeb who specifically conferred the title of Mirza Raja upon Jai Singh I of Amber and Jaswant Singh of Marwar to honor their military service and high standing in the Mughal court.
Key Historical Context
Mirza Raja Jai Singh I: He was a senior general under Aurangzeb. He is most famous in Indian history for leading the Mughal campaign against Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, which led to the Treaty of Purandar in 1665.
Jaswant Singh: He was the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur). Despite initial friction during the Mughal war of succession (where he originally supported Dara Shikoh), Aurangzeb later pardoned him, restored his rank, and bestowed the title of Mirza Raja upon him.
Significance of the Title: "Mirza" was a high-ranking Persian title usually reserved for royalty or those of extremely high noble birth. Granting it to Rajput rulers was a way to integrate them into the uppermost echelons of the Mughal imperial hierarchy.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) History
Who mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh to join the 1857 revolt?
AGonoo
BShah Mal
CPeshwa Baji Rao
DNana Sahib
Correct Answer: Option B
Shah Mal was a local leader from a large clan of Jat cultivators in pargana Barout, Uttar Pradesh. During the 1857 Revolt, he became a legendary figure for his ability to organize and mobilize the peasantry against British rule.
Key Contributions
Mobilization: He moved from village to village at night, urging people to rebel. He successfully organized the cultivators of 84 villages (referred to as Chaurasi Des).
Infrastructure Defiance: His followers destroyed strategic government infrastructure, including bridges and telegraph lines, to impede British communications and troop movements.
Support System: He set up a network of intelligence and converted the bungalow of a British officer into a "Hall of Justice," where he settled local disputes and distributed resources to the rebels.
Martyrdom: Shah Mal was eventually killed in battle against the British in July 1857.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Economy
What is India's rank on the Global Hunger Index, 2020?
A94th rank
B49th rank
C54th rank
D98th rank
Correct Answer: Option A
In the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020, India was ranked 94th out of 107 qualifying countries. With a score of 27.2, India was categorized in the 'serious' hunger category.
Key Indicators of GHI
The Global Hunger Index is calculated based on four key indicators:
Undernourishment: The share of the population whose caloric intake is insufficient.
Child Wasting: The share of children under the age of five who have low weight for their height (reflecting acute undernutrition).
Child Stunting: The share of children under the age of five who have low height for their age (reflecting chronic undernutrition).
Child Mortality: The mortality rate of children under the age of five.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Current Affairs
FIFA World Cup (men) 2022 will be held in:
AQatar
BJapan
CSpain
DEngland
Correct Answer: Option A
The 2022 FIFA World Cup was a historic event as it was the first time the tournament was hosted in the Arab world and the second time it was held in Asia (after the 2002 edition in South Korea and Japan).
Key Highlights
Winner: Argentina won their third title after defeating France in a dramatic final.
Timeline: It was held from November 20 to December 18, 2022. It was moved to the winter months to avoid Qatar's intense summer heat.
Official Mascot: La’eeb, a character inspired by the ghutra (traditional headdress).
Official Ball: Produced by Adidas, the ball was named Al Rihla (meaning "The Journey").
Stadiums: Matches were played across eight state-of-the-art venues, including the Lusail Iconic Stadium, which hosted the final.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Current Affairs
Who is the author for the book 'My Life in Full- Work, Family, and our Future?
ASudha Murty
BIndra Nooyi
CKiran Mazumdar Shaw
DParmeshwar Godrej
Correct Answer: Option B
My Life in Full: Work, Family, and Our Future is the memoir of Indra Nooyi, the former Chairperson and CEO of PepsiCo. Published in 2021, the book provides an intimate look at her journey from growing up in a middle-class family in Chennai, India, to leading one of the world's largest companies.
Key Highlights of the Book
The "Performance with Purpose" Strategy: She details how she transformed PepsiCo by focusing on healthier products and environmental sustainability.
The "Care" Ecosystem: A major theme of the book is her call for businesses and governments to support families through better childcare, paid leave, and flexible work structures.
Personal Journey: She discusses the challenges of balancing a high-powered career with family life and the importance of her support system.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
Megapode Sanctuary was in the news recently. Where is it located?
AAndaman & Nicobar islands
BUttar Pradesh
CUttarakhand
DRajasthan
Correct Answer: Option A
The Megapode Island Wildlife Sanctuary (also simply referred to as Megapode Sanctuary) is located in the Nicobar district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It has been in the news due to its role in the conservation of the endemic Nicobar Megapode and ongoing discussions regarding environmental clearances for development projects in the Great Nicobar region.
Key Facts
The Species: The sanctuary is named after the Nicobar Megapode (Megapodius nicobariensis), a unique "mound-building" bird.
Unique Behavior: Unlike most birds, megapodes do not sit on their eggs to incubate them. Instead, they build large mounds of soil and decomposing organic matter; the heat generated by the decomposition hatches the eggs.
Conservation Status: The bird is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Recent News: The sanctuary and its surrounding habitats have gained attention due to the Great Nicobar Island Development Project, which involves an international trans-shipment terminal and other infrastructure that environmentalists fear could impact the nesting grounds of this shy species.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) World History
Which country has passed the 'Holocaust property bill'?
ADenmark
BGermany
CPoland
DSlovenia
Correct Answer: Option C
In 2021, Poland passed a controversial amendment to its Administrative Procedure Code, which is widely referred to as the 'Holocaust property bill'.
Key Details
The Legislation: The law introduced a 30-year statute of limitations on challenging administrative decisions related to property seizures.
The Impact: Since most property in Poland was confiscated during World War II or the subsequent Communist era, this law effectively made it impossible for Holocaust survivors or their descendants to recover stolen property or seek compensation.
Global Reaction: The bill caused a significant diplomatic rift between Poland and Israel, with the Israeli government calling the law "immoral" and "antisemitic," while the Polish government defended it as a move to provide legal certainty and prevent fraudulent claims.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Economy
'Symala Gopinath Committee, relates to
ANationalised Banks
BNidhi Companies
CSmall Finance Banks
DCooperative Banks
Correct Answer: Option C
The Shyamala Gopinath Committee is primarily associated with Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in the context of recent examination trends.
While Shyamala Gopinath (former Deputy Governor of the RBI) has chaired several committees, the one most frequently cited in recent years relates to the licensing and evaluation of new banks.
1. Primary Association: Small Finance Banks
In 2021, the RBI set up a Standing External Advisory Committee (SEAC) under the chairmanship of Shyamala Gopinath.
Purpose: To evaluate applications for Universal Banks and Small Finance Banks (SFBs).
Mechanism: It acts as a screening body that reviews applications to ensure the applicants are "fit and proper" before the RBI grants a license "on-tap" (available year-round).
2. Other Notable Associations
If you are looking at older or broader economic questions, her name is also linked to:
Small Savings Schemes (2011): This committee recommended that interest rates on small savings (like PPF, NSC, and Post Office deposits) should be market-linked (aligned with Government Securities/G-Sec yields) rather than being fixed by the government arbitrarily.
Financial Holding Companies (2011): Recommended a roadmap for a "holding company" structure for Indian banks to better manage financial conglomerates.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Environment & Ecology
Which one of the following does not come under the Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)?
ARejuvenation of water bodies as well as 20% of supply of reused water.
BCreation of green spaces
C2.64 crore sewer connections in the 500 cities
DFree water supply to all households
Correct Answer: Option D
The Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban), launched in 2021, aims for universal coverage of water supply to all households through functional taps in all statutory towns. However, it does not mandate or include a provision for "free" water supply; rather, it focuses on infrastructure, sustainability, and service delivery.
Key Components of Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)
Universal Water Supply: Providing 2.68 crore tap connections to achieve 100% coverage in all 4,378 statutory towns.
Sewerage Management: Providing 2.64 crore sewer connections or septage management in 500 AMRUT cities (Option C).
Circular Economy of Water: Focuses on the rejuvenation of water bodies and mandates that at least 20% of the water demand be met through reused/recycled water (Option A).
Green Initiatives: Includes the creation of green spaces and parks to reduce the "heat island" effect and improve groundwater recharge (Option B).
Funding: Encouraging private-public partnerships (PPP) and a "Pey Jal Survekshan" (water survey) to promote healthy competition among cities.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Geography
The Indian Metrological Department has a Regional Metrological Centre in which of the following places?
i) Chennai and Guwahati ii) Kolkata and Nagpur
iii) Ranchi and Indore iv) Bengaluru and Lucknow
A(iii) and (iv) are correct
B(ii) and (iv) are correct
C(i) and (iii) are correct
D(i) and (ii) are correct
Correct Answer: Option D
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is organized into six Regional Meteorological Centres (RMCs) for administrative and technical efficiency. These are located in:
Chennai (South)
Guwahati (Northeast)
Kolkata (East)
Mumbai (West)
Nagpur (Central)
New Delhi (North)
Looking at the options provided in the question:
(i) Chennai and Guwahati are both RMCs.
(ii) Kolkata and Nagpur are both RMCs.
(iii) Ranchi and Indore are not RMCs (they fall under the jurisdiction of Kolkata and Nagpur respectively).
(iv) Bengaluru and Lucknow are Meteorological Centres (MCs) usually located in state capitals, but they are not the primary Regional hubs.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) International Relations
Who has coined the term 'BRICS', an association of five emerging national economies?
AEster Doflo
BAmartya Sen
CJim O'Neil
DJoseph E. Stiglitz
Correct Answer: Option C
The term was coined by Jim O'Neill, a British economist who was then the Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. He originally introduced the acronym as "BRIC" in a 2001 paper titled "Building Better Global Economic BRICs." At the time, he used the term to identify the four fast-growing economies—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—that he predicted would collectively dominate the global economy by 2050. South Africa was officially invited to join the group in 2010, at which point the acronym became "BRICS."
Key Milestones
2001: Term "BRIC" coined by Jim O'Neill.
2006: First formal meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers (on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly).
2009: First formal Summit held in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
2010: South Africa joins, expanding the group to BRICS.
2024: The group underwent a major expansion, inviting countries including Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates to join.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Governance
What is the SACRED portal by the Government of India for?
ATo legitimize religious workers5 job status
BTo promote tourism based on religious activities
CTo provide jobs to senior citizens
DTo encourage students towards social work
Correct Answer: Option C
The SACRED portal stands for Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity. It was launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on October 1, 2021 (International Day of Older Persons).The portal serves as an IT-based "employment exchange" platform that connects experienced senior citizens (aged 60 and above) with private enterprises and job providers looking for stable, experienced professionals for various roles.
Key Features of SACRED Target Group: Senior citizens who are physically fit and willing to contribute their expertise after retirement. Mechanism: It allows individuals to register their skills and education, while employers (including corporates, NGOs, and educational institutions) can post specific requirements. Funding: The government provided ₹10 crore for the platform's development and annual maintenance grants .Broader Vision: It is part of the Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY), which focuses on the holistic welfare of the elderly.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) General Science
What is the theme of World Brain Day 2021 ?
AStop Alzheimer's
BStop Parkinson's
CStop Multiple Sclerosis
DStop Aphasia
Correct Answer: Option C
World Brain Day is observed annually on July 22 by the World Federation of Neurology (WFN). In 2021, the campaign was dedicated specifically to raising awareness, improving diagnosis, and advocating for better treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system.
Key Information
Date: July 22 (Commemorating the founding of the WFN in 1957).
2021 Goal: The "Stop Multiple Sclerosis" theme aimed to highlight that MS is a manageable disease and that early access to specialized care can significantly improve the quality of life for those affected.
Subsequent Themes: For context, the 2022 theme was "Brain Health for All," and the 2023 theme was "Brain Health and Disability."
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) International Relations
How many Indian students will be sponsored each year under the Quad fellowship to pursue masters and doctoral degrees at leading STEM graduate universities in the United States?
A100
B200
C50
D25
Correct Answer: Option D
The Quad Fellowship is a first-of-its-kind scholarship program launched by the leaders of the Quad nations—Australia, India, Japan, and the United States. It sponsors 100 students in total each year to pursue Master's and Doctoral degrees in STEM fields at leading universities in the United States. These 100 slots are divided equally among the four member nations, resulting in 25 students from India being selected annually.
Key Details of the Fellowship Target Audience: Exceptional Master's and PhD students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).Financial Award: Each fellow originally received a one-time award of $50,000 (now updated to $40,000 in recent cohorts) for tuition, research, and academic expenses, with additional need-based funding available. Goal: To build a network of science and technology experts committed to advancing innovation and collaboration across the Quad countries.
Expansion: In 2024, the program was expanded to include students from the ASEAN countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Polity
Under the bench of which of the following judges, the Supreme Court of India upheld Media's freedom to report Court hearings in the case of Election Commission of India Vs MR Vijaya Bhaskar?
AJustices D.Y Chandrachud, K.M. Joseph
BJustices UU Lalit and Vineet Saran
CJustices AM Khanwilkar, Indu Malhotra
DJustices D.Y Chandrachud, M.R Shah'
Correct Answer: Option D
In the case of Election Commission of India v. M.R. Vijaya Bhaskar (2021), the Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech and expression extends to reporting judicial proceedings. The court ruled that the media's right to report what happens during a hearing—including oral observations made by judges—is a vital part of the "open court" principle and helps maintain public confidence in the judiciary.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Polity
Under the bench of which of the following judges, the Supreme Court of India upheld Media's freedom to report Court hearings in the case of Election Commission of India Vs MR Vijaya Bhaskar?
AJustices D.Y Chandrachud, K.M. Joseph
BJustices UU Lalit and Vineet Saran
CJustices AM Khanwilkar, Indu Malhotra
DJustices D.Y Chandrachud, M.R Shah'
Correct Answer: Option D
In the case of Election Commission of India v. M.R. Vijaya Bhaskar (2021), the Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech and expression extends to reporting judicial proceedings. The court ruled that the media's right to report what happens during a hearing—including oral observations made by judges—is a vital part of the "open court" principle and helps maintain public confidence in the judiciary.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Polity
Under the bench of which of the following judges, the Supreme Court of India upheld Media's freedom to report Court hearings in the case of Election Commission of India Vs MR Vijaya Bhaskar?
AJustices D.Y Chandrachud, K.M. Joseph
BJustices UU Lalit and Vineet Saran
CJustices AM Khanwilkar, Indu Malhotra
DJustices D.Y Chandrachud, M.R Shah'
Correct Answer: Option D
In the case of Election Commission of India v. M.R. Vijaya Bhaskar (2021), the Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech and expression extends to reporting judicial proceedings. The court ruled that the media's right to report what happens during a hearing—including oral observations made by judges—is a vital part of the "open court" principle and helps maintain public confidence in the judiciary.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Polity
Under the bench of which of the following judges, the Supreme Court of India upheld Media's freedom to report Court hearings in the case of Election Commission of India Vs MR Vijaya Bhaskar?
AJustices D.Y Chandrachud, K.M. Joseph
BJustices UU Lalit and Vineet Saran
CJustices AM Khanwilkar, Indu Malhotra
DJustices D.Y Chandrachud, M.R Shah'
Correct Answer: Option D
In the case of Election Commission of India v. M.R. Vijaya Bhaskar (2021), the Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech and expression extends to reporting judicial proceedings. The court ruled that the media's right to report what happens during a hearing—including oral observations made by judges—is a vital part of the "open court" principle and helps maintain public confidence in the judiciary.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Polity
Under the bench of which of the following judges, the Supreme Court of India upheld Media's freedom to report Court hearings in the case of Election Commission of India Vs MR Vijaya Bhaskar?
AJustices D.Y Chandrachud, K.M. Joseph
BJustices UU Lalit and Vineet Saran
CJustices AM Khanwilkar, Indu Malhotra
DJustices D.Y Chandrachud, M.R Shah'
Correct Answer: Option D
In the case of Election Commission of India v. M.R. Vijaya Bhaskar (2021), the Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech and expression extends to reporting judicial proceedings. The court ruled that the media's right to report what happens during a hearing—including oral observations made by judges—is a vital part of the "open court" principle and helps maintain public confidence in the judiciary.
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Environment & Ecology
According to the UNICEF First Child-focused Climate Risk Index- the Children's Climate Risk Index (CCRI), which of the following countries is at the lowest rank in South Asia.
AIndia
BAfghanistan
CSri Lanka
DPakistan
Correct Answer: Option C
According to the UNICEF report titled "The Climate Crisis Is a Child Rights Crisis: Introducing the Children’s Climate Risk Index (CCRI)", the country at the lowest rank in South Asia (meaning it has the lowest risk compared to its neighbors) is Bhutan.
However, looking at the specific options provided in your question:
Pakistan: Ranked 14th (Extremely High Risk)
Afghanistan: Ranked 25th (Extremely High Risk)
India: Ranked 26th (Extremely High Risk)
Sri Lanka: Ranked 61st (High-Medium Risk)
2021
Prelims General Studies (Paper 1) Current Affairs Polity
When did the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister approved the adoption of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act
A21 October, 2019
B21 August, 2020
C5 August, 2020
D21 October, 2020
Correct Answer: Option D
On this date, the Union Cabinet approved the adoption of the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989. This was a significant move as it paved the way for the establishment of all three tiers of grassroots-level democracy (Gram Panchayat, Block Development Council, and District Development Council) in the Union Territory for the first time.
Practicing previous year questions is one of the most effective strategies for JKPSC exam preparation. This page contains 43 authentic questions from the JKPSC Prelims 2021 examination, complete with answers and detailed explanations.
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