Consider the following statements regarding Measures of Mortality:

a. Gross Reproduction Rate          1. Reduces the reproduction rates

b. Age-Specific Fertility Rate             2. Affected by mortality rates

c. Net Reproduction Rate                 3. Has modal value between 20 and 25

d Maternal Mortality Rate             4. Is measured per 1000 live births.

                                                        5. Measures the number of daughters over a lifetime.

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

To arrive at the correct answer, we can break down each demographic measure:a — 5 (Gross Reproduction Rate): The GRR measures the average number of daughters a woman would have in her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years conforming to age-specific fertility rates. It specifically counts female births (daughters) because they are the future child-bearers.b — 3 (Age-Specific Fertility Rate): In most populations, fertility is not uniform across all ages. It typically peaks in the early twenties. Therefore, the modal value (the age group with the highest frequency of births) usually falls between 20 and 25 (or 20–29).c — 2 (Net Reproduction Rate): Unlike the Gross Reproduction Rate, the NRR is affected by mortality rates. It accounts for the fact that some daughters will die before reaching the end of their own reproductive span. Therefore, $NRR$ is always lower than or equal to $GRR$.d — 4 (Maternal Mortality Rate): While most mortality rates are calculated per 1,000 population, Maternal Mortality is uniquely expressed as a ratio per 100,000 live births (in international standards) or sometimes per 1,000 live births in specific statistical exercises or older textbook definitions, distinguishing it from general death rates.