Consider the following statements relating to the use of the place-value system in India:

1. The earliest epigraphic use of the place-value system in India is found in the Mankani plates from Gujarat (AD 595-596).

2. In the ninth century, place-values become general in inscriptions all over India.

3. The place-values have been found in Sanskrit inscriptions in South-east Asia as early as the seventh century.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Statement 1 is correct: The Mankani (Sankheda) copper plates issued by Taralasvamin in Gujarat are dated to the Kalachuri year 346, which corresponds to AD 595–596. This charter is widely recognized by historians as containing the earliest known dated epigraphic (inscriptional) evidence using the decimal place-value system within India. Statement 2 is correct: While mathematical treatises like Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya (AD 499) used decimal place-value concepts much earlier, its adoption in official stone and copper-plate inscriptions across the subcontinent took centuries. By the 9th century AD, this notation completely replaced older numeral systems and became the universal standard all over India (famously highlighted by the Gwalior inscription of AD 876). Statement 3 is correct: Driven by robust maritime trade and cultural exchanges, Indian mathematical concepts traveled to Southeast Asia incredibly early. Sanskrit and Sanskrit-influenced inscriptions—such as the Sambor stone inscription in Cambodia and the Kedukan Bukit inscription in Sumatra—clearly demonstrate the functional use of the decimal place-value system and zero as early as AD 683 (the 7thcentury).